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Postpartum Depression Relating to Smoking and Drinking Habits of Husbands Among Rajbanshi Mothers in Nepal

Received: 18 August 2015     Accepted: 27 August 2015     Published: 5 September 2015
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Abstract

This is a cross-sectional study on postpartum depression (PPD) among Rajbanshi mothers in Nepal. The objective of the study was to find out the prevalence rate of PPD and association between PPD in mothers with smoking/drinking habits of the husbands and perceived stress among Rajbanshi community. Quantitative methods employed using semi-structured questionnaires. The sample size was 375 households from Morang, Jhapa and Sunsari districts. Data collected by in-depth interviews with mothers. Researcher filled the semi-structured questionnaires asked on workload, sleep, perceived stress and treatment history using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale during interviews. In the findings, PPD and maternal stress associate with husband's smoking/drinking habits. Prevalence of PPD was 12.27% in sampled Rajbanshi mothers (EPDS cutoff≥13). PPD in mothers find associated with maternal stress (P= <.0001) and smoking habit of the husband (P=<.0001) which are statistically highly significant. Similarly, sleeplessness in mothers associated with smoking (P=<.005) and drinking (P= <.0001) habits of husbands are also statistically highly significant. In conclusion, PPD among Rajbanshi mothers associates with a smoking habit of the husband. Both smoking and drinking habits of husbands were responsible for causing maternal stress and sleeplessness in mothers and these factors associated with PPD. Smoking and drinking habits of husbands find out risk factors for PPD and perceived stress in her wife. To deal successfully with the poor situation of PPD among Rajbanshi mothers need to change smoking/drinking habits of husbands, raise awareness on health as well as the socio-economic development of the community.

Published in American Journal of Health Research (Volume 3, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajhr.20150305.15
Page(s) 293-297
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Postpartum Depression, Smoking, Drinking, Stress, Sleeplessness, Rajbanshi Nepal

References
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[2] Demyttenaere K, et al. Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Jama. 2004; 1(21):2581-90.
[3] Holden, C. Sex and the suffering brain. Science. 2005; 308(5728): pp1574.
[4] Munk-Olsen et al. Postpartum Depression A Major Public Health Problem, The Journal of Americal Medical Association, JAMA. 2006; 296(21):2616-2618. doi:10.1001/jama. 2006; 296.21. 2616.
[5] Oates, M. Perinatal psychiatric disorders: a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. British Medical Bulletin. 2003; 67:219-29.
[6] Uriel H., Sandhya K., Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders. April 2006Volume 91, Issues 2-3, Pages 97–111.
[7] Ho-Yen S., Bondevik G., Eberhard-Gran M., BjorvatnB.Factors associated with depressive symptoms among postnatal women in Nepal. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007; 86(3):291-7.
[8] Patel V., Rodrigues M., DeSouza N., Gender, Poverty, and Postnatal Depression: A Study of Mothers in Goa, India. The Americal Journal of Psychiatry. Volume 159 Issue 1, January 2002, pp. 43-47.
[9] Budhathoki N., Dahal M., Bhusal S., Ojha H., Pandey S., Basnet S1. Violence against Women by their Husband and Postpartum Depression. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 2012 Sep;10(22):176-80
[10] Ellen Y., Cheryl A., Siobán D, Harlow, Z., Yan J., Huixia Y., Postpartum depression and traditional postpartum care in China: Role of Zuoyuezi. International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics. March 2009Volume 104, Issue 3, Pages 209–213. [6]NDHS. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. Preliminary Report. 2006.
[11] Budhathoki N., Dahal M., et.al. Violence against Women by their Husband and Pospartum Depression; Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. Vol.10 No 3 Issue 12 September. 2012; pp 176-180.
[12] Signe K.D. Depression and sleep in the postnatal period. A study in Nepal and Norway. Dissertation for the degree philosophiae doctor (PhD) at the University of Bergen. 2009.
[13] Okano, T. An epidemiological and clinical investigation of postpartum psychiatric illness in Japanese mothers. Journal of Affectiv Disorders. 1998; 48, pp233-240.
[14] Deborah, A., Bridget, F., Chou, S., Frederick, S. The Impact of Partner Alcohol Problems on Women’s Physical and Mental Health. The Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 2007; vol 68: Issue 1.
[15] Satoh A., Kitamiya, C., Yaegashi, Y. Influence of Smoking on Postpartum Depression in Japan. Health Science Research. Open Access, Vol.5, No.8, 1254-1260 (2013) Retrieved Oct. 1, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2013.58170.
[16] Eysenck, H. The biological basis of personality. Springfield: CC Thomas. 1967.
[17] Gilbert, D. The psychology of the smoker. In Bollinger CT, Fagerström KO, editors. The Tobacco Epidemic. ProgRespir Res [Basel] 1997; 28: pp132-150.
[18] Baker, D., Taylor, H. The relationship between condition-specific morbidity, social support and material deprivation in pregnancy and early motherhood. ALSPAC Survey Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Social Science Medicine 1997; 45(9):1325-36.
[19] Brugha et al. Pragmatic randomized trial of antenatal intervention to prevent post-natal depression by reducing psychosocial risk factors; Cambridge University Press. Psychological Medicine Psychological Medicine / Volume/ Issue 06 / November 2000, pp 1273-1281, 2000.
[20] Nielsen Forman D, Videbech P, Hedegaard M, Dalby Salvig J, Secher NJ. Postpartum depression: identification of women at risk. BGOJ: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Bjog. 2000; 107(10):1210-7.
[21] Stern, G., & Kruckman, L. Multi-disciplinary perspectives on post-partum depression: An anthropological critique; Social Science & Medicine, Volume 17, Issue 15, 1983; pp 1027–1041.
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  • APA Style

    Nawa Raj Subba, Shishir Subba. (2015). Postpartum Depression Relating to Smoking and Drinking Habits of Husbands Among Rajbanshi Mothers in Nepal. American Journal of Health Research, 3(5), 293-297. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20150305.15

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    ACS Style

    Nawa Raj Subba; Shishir Subba. Postpartum Depression Relating to Smoking and Drinking Habits of Husbands Among Rajbanshi Mothers in Nepal. Am. J. Health Res. 2015, 3(5), 293-297. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20150305.15

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    AMA Style

    Nawa Raj Subba, Shishir Subba. Postpartum Depression Relating to Smoking and Drinking Habits of Husbands Among Rajbanshi Mothers in Nepal. Am J Health Res. 2015;3(5):293-297. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20150305.15

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajhr.20150305.15,
      author = {Nawa Raj Subba and Shishir Subba},
      title = {Postpartum Depression Relating to Smoking and Drinking Habits of Husbands Among Rajbanshi Mothers in Nepal},
      journal = {American Journal of Health Research},
      volume = {3},
      number = {5},
      pages = {293-297},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajhr.20150305.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20150305.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajhr.20150305.15},
      abstract = {This is a cross-sectional study on postpartum depression (PPD) among Rajbanshi mothers in Nepal. The objective of the study was to find out the prevalence rate of PPD and association between PPD in mothers with smoking/drinking habits of the husbands and perceived stress among Rajbanshi community. Quantitative methods employed using semi-structured questionnaires. The sample size was 375 households from Morang, Jhapa and Sunsari districts. Data collected by in-depth interviews with mothers. Researcher filled the semi-structured questionnaires asked on workload, sleep, perceived stress and treatment history using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale during interviews. In the findings, PPD and maternal stress associate with husband's smoking/drinking habits. Prevalence of PPD was 12.27% in sampled Rajbanshi mothers (EPDS cutoff≥13). PPD in mothers find associated with maternal stress (P= <.0001) and smoking habit of the husband (P=<.0001) which are statistically highly significant. Similarly, sleeplessness in mothers associated with smoking (P=<.005) and drinking (P= <.0001) habits of husbands are also statistically highly significant. In conclusion, PPD among Rajbanshi mothers associates with a smoking habit of the husband. Both smoking and drinking habits of husbands were responsible for causing maternal stress and sleeplessness in mothers and these factors associated with PPD. Smoking and drinking habits of husbands find out risk factors for PPD and perceived stress in her wife. To deal successfully with the poor situation of PPD among Rajbanshi mothers need to change smoking/drinking habits of husbands, raise awareness on health as well as the socio-economic development of the community.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Postpartum Depression Relating to Smoking and Drinking Habits of Husbands Among Rajbanshi Mothers in Nepal
    AU  - Nawa Raj Subba
    AU  - Shishir Subba
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    PY  - 2015
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajhr.20150305.15
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    JF  - American Journal of Health Research
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    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20150305.15
    AB  - This is a cross-sectional study on postpartum depression (PPD) among Rajbanshi mothers in Nepal. The objective of the study was to find out the prevalence rate of PPD and association between PPD in mothers with smoking/drinking habits of the husbands and perceived stress among Rajbanshi community. Quantitative methods employed using semi-structured questionnaires. The sample size was 375 households from Morang, Jhapa and Sunsari districts. Data collected by in-depth interviews with mothers. Researcher filled the semi-structured questionnaires asked on workload, sleep, perceived stress and treatment history using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale during interviews. In the findings, PPD and maternal stress associate with husband's smoking/drinking habits. Prevalence of PPD was 12.27% in sampled Rajbanshi mothers (EPDS cutoff≥13). PPD in mothers find associated with maternal stress (P= <.0001) and smoking habit of the husband (P=<.0001) which are statistically highly significant. Similarly, sleeplessness in mothers associated with smoking (P=<.005) and drinking (P= <.0001) habits of husbands are also statistically highly significant. In conclusion, PPD among Rajbanshi mothers associates with a smoking habit of the husband. Both smoking and drinking habits of husbands were responsible for causing maternal stress and sleeplessness in mothers and these factors associated with PPD. Smoking and drinking habits of husbands find out risk factors for PPD and perceived stress in her wife. To deal successfully with the poor situation of PPD among Rajbanshi mothers need to change smoking/drinking habits of husbands, raise awareness on health as well as the socio-economic development of the community.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 5
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Author Information
  • Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

  • Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

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